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Anna Maria Garthwaite (b. Harston, Leicestershire, 14 March 1688〔This is the date and place given by the ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', p. 560; most museums give her birth year as 1690. This (genealogical record for Rev. Ephraim Garthwaite ) gives Anna Maria's baptism date as 14 March 1688/89, which would be 1689 New Style.〕 – October 1763) was an English textile designer known for creating vivid floral designs for silk fabrics hand-woven in Spitalfields near London in the mid-18th century. Garthwaite was acknowledged as one of the premiere English designers of her day. Many of her original designs in watercolours have survived, and silks based on these designs have been identified in portraiture and in costume collections in England and abroad.〔〔(Textile Production in Europe: Silk, 1600–1800 ), retrieved 26 April 2008.〕 ==Life and work== Anna Maria Garthwaite was the daughter of the Reverend Ephraim Garthwaite (1647–1719) of Grantham, Lincolnshire, who was rector of nearby Harston, Leicestershire, at the time of her birth,〔 and his wife Rejoyce Hausted.〔(Genealogical record for Rev. Ephraim Garthwaite ), retrieved 26 April 2008〕 Anna Maria left Grantham to live in York with her twice-widowed sister Mary from 1726 to 1728〔Rothstein, Natalie: ''Woven Textile Design in Britain 1750 to 1850'', p.111〕 They relocated to a house in Princes Street (now Princelet Street)〔(Deitz, Paula: "Discovered Along the Flowered-Silk Road", ''New York Times'' 26 August 1990 ), retrieved 25 April 2008〕 in the silk-weaving district of Spitalfields east of the City of London in 1728, and Anna Maria created over 1000 designs for woven silks there over the next three decades.〔 Some 874 of her original designs in watercolour from the 1720s through 1756 have survived and are now in the collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum.〔(Metropolitan Museum of Art Timeline of Art History ), retrieved 25 April 2008〕 Many of these designs are dated and annotated with weaving instructions and the names of the weavers to whom they were sold. Garthwaite's work is closely associated with the mid-18th century fashion for flowered woven silks in the Roccoco style, with its new emphasis on asymmetrical structures and sinuous ''C''- and ''S''-curves. She adapted the ''points rentrés'' technique developed by the French silk designer Jean Revel in the 1730s for representing near-three-dimensional floral patterns through careful shading,〔Rothstein, Natalie: "The Elegant Art of Woven Silk". In ''An Elegant Art'', p. 83-85〕 and designed large-scale damasks as well as floral brocades. From 1742–43, Garthwaite's work—and English silk design in general—diverged from French styles, favouring clusters of smaller naturalistic flowers in bright colours scattered across a (usually) pale ground. The taste for vividly realistic florals reflects the advances in botanical illustration in Britain at this time, and can be contrasted with French silks of the period which show stylised flowers and more harmonious—if unrealistic—colourations.〔Rothstein, Natalie: "Silk in the Early Modern Period". In David Jenkins, ed.: ''The Cambridge History of Western Textiles'' p. 554-555〕〔Browne, ''Silk Designs of the 18th Century'', p. 8〕〔(Kraak, Deborah E.: "Eighteenth-century English floral silks." In ''The Magazine Antiques'' 1 June 1998 ), retrieved 26 April 2008〕 Spitalfields silks were widely exported to Northern Europe and especially to Colonial America,〔 which was prohibited from trading directly with France by Britain's Navigation Acts.〔Baumgarten, Linda: ''What Clothes Reveal'', p. 84〕 Surviving silk skirt panels said to have been owned by Martha Dandridge prior to her marriage to George Washington have been attributed to Garthwaite,〔 and her designs appear in colonial portraits of the period (see painting, above right). Her will dated 1758 was read 24 October 1763, at Princes Street in the parish of Christ Church.〔''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', p. 560-561.〕 She was buried at Christ Church three days later on 27 October 1763 as 'Anna-Maria Garthwaite' aged 75 of Princes Street.〔''London Metropolitan Archives, Christ Church, Spitalfields, Register of burials, Mary 1748 – Sep 1764, P93/CTC1, Item 044.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Anna Maria Garthwaite」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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